Changing Perspectives - 1084 Words

Changing Perspective Linda Collazo PSY/220 May 29, 2011 Abigail McNeely Changing Perspective People, especially diverse people of contemporary times commonly look at other people, situations, or life events with different perspectives. Sometimes looking at other people, situations, and life events with different perspectives cause people to make snap judgments without factual knowledge. Contributors such as personal beliefs, religion, culture, mood, personality, and relative situations can influence an interpretation of a person or event, cause a snap judgment, or possibly change another perspective. Other contributors that add influence to the common influences of perspectives and judgments are environments and†¦show more content†¦The woman’s personal beliefs can be innate from learning experiences or a genetic inheritance that reflects her personality type. Innate learning experiences or genetic inheritances of accepting people of any race is possible in making a snap judgment to rent the apartment to the multiracial family. The family inquiring about the apartment rental may have an influence regarding the woman’s mood too. Something in the situation such as politeness and enjoying the company of the children in the family may have set the motion for the woman’s mood. Another spark in the woman’s mood can be a reflection of her own children and family situations. Remembering her past, for example, maybe the woman and her husband are immigrants from the Old World and difficulties with living arrangements were part of her early family experiences. Another example of personal experience can be knowledge to a similar situation quite rewarding in one way or another. Religiously the woman in the scenario can similarly view the situation as going against the grain but from a different perspective such as going against the grain of her higher power and accepting all individuals. Many factors contribute to what influences individual perspectives and subsequent judgments according to the perspectives. Com monly one influence can lead to another influence, for example, innateness, andShow MoreRelatedThe Concept of Change ... and Changing Perspectives1431 Words   |  6 PagesChanging perspectives†¦Change is a process, a transition or an alteration that affects different aspects of our life. As a result the forces of change can seriously affect the attitudes, beliefs and behaviors of individuals. The affects of change can have a positive or negative outcome. These affects can be viewed in all three of the texts that we have studied for the Area of Study. Change is a part of life and whether or not we like that aftermath of the particular aspect of the change it will happenRead MoreChanging Perspective Of Male Body Essay1093 Words   |  5 PagesChanging Perspective of Male Body Nowadays, we live in the world which treats male and female equally. In contrast with the past, which was a male-dominated society, todays our society emphasizes the sexual equality. Even though we live in a changed world, there is an unchangeable controversial topic. It is our perspective about the male and female body. On the surface, our attitude toward the male and female body seems fairly identical and obvious. However, behind it, it is not equal. In â€Å"BeautyRead MoreThe Wind Of The Willows, By Kenneth Grahame787 Words   |  4 Pagesjourneys may provoke travellers and ultimately lead to transformation of self and richer experiences, is clearly exhibited within. Depending on an entity’s current perspective, they may either embody provocative views, such as the Rat in the Wind in the Willows and also the persona in Journey to the Interior, or even have an accepting perspective to journey, such as the character of Toad. Through the use of tone, symbolism and also truncated sentences, the quote is partially accurate in The Wind in theRead MoreTaking On Multiple Perspectives For An American Adult1655 Words   |  7 PagesThe idea of taking on multiple perspectives can be applied to many scenarios, from making decisions as the president of a nation to running a day care. One of the most accessible perspectives for an American adult is the small business. By engaging in the perspective of other people at a business yo u either work at or are a customer at, you gain a certain understanding that makes you more relaxed and more pleasant. For example we can take an almost universal experience in the developed world, orderingRead MoreChanging Perspectives Of My Life1605 Words   |  7 PagesChanging Perspectives As I took my first step outside the door the warm midnight air greeted me like an old friend. It was a pleasant contrast to the cold stagnant air on the plane. We had just flown 16 hours with only one layover and my legs had become achy and my neck stiff. â€Å"hold on tight to your bags!† Bro. Powers, our youth leader, called out as we walked across the tarmac to go inside. Apparently all of the eager gentlemen attempting to take our bags for us were not doing so out of the kindnessRead MoreThe Substitute Perspectives On Tongue And Character By Thornborrow, Edwards, Weber And Horner1440 Words   |  6 PagesThis writing audit will talk about the substitute perspectives on tongue and character by Thornborrow, Edwards, Weber and Horner, and their viewpoints. The thought is to contemplate, look at and show the refinements and comparable qualities as talked about by these author s, and state whether I agree or vary their work. Essentially, I will express why Tabouret– Ke ller s work differs in an approach to manage tongue and character. Lingo and identity is generally perceived as who and what we appearRead MoreThe Secret Of Empathy, Enlightenment, And Internal Growth Essay1243 Words   |  5 Pagesuniverse, but perspectives differ and thus cause different opinions. To experience internal reality is to confuse one’s own reality with a shared reality, resulting in a loss of empathy and disregarding how others are affected. An external mindset displays an understanding of different opinions in a shared world, whereas with internal mindset a person’s devotion to a belief becomes their private world. When a person is passionate about their beliefs they tend to disregard other perspectives, or live internallyRead MoreReflection On The Word Reflection 701 Words   |  3 Pagesown practice of learning and help those who learn with us (p. 7). Reflection, in my opinion, is something we learn from a young age. When we are confronted with something new we reconcile it with our previous concepts and experience, sometimes changing what we believe, and sometimes choosing to discard the new information as irrelevant. We then become active creators of our own knowledge by asking questions, exploring, and assessing what we know. We construct our own understanding and knowledgeRead MoreEssay On The Spirit Catches You And You Fall Down1927 Words   |  8 Pagessuffering. This book grapples with ethical dilemmas that can present themselves while working with people from other cultures and professional disciplines. Perspectives From the perspective of the social worker Jeanine Hilt, systems perspective could be used to assess Lia Lee, her family or those in the community of the book. System perspective sees human behavior as the outcome of reciprocal interactions of persons operating within linked social systems (Hutchison, 2013). When reading this book atRead MorePrinciple of Management Course: My Experiences1775 Words   |  8 Pagesare three different perspectives that are used to analyze an organization. There are three different perspectives used to view organizational behavior and processes: Strategic-Design, Political and Cultural. Initially, I was looking at the organization and the process of management from the political perspective. This perspective deals with the use of power and influence throughout the organization. However, I also had to learn about the strategic- design perspective, which dealt with the

The Genetics For Mongol Migration - 1050 Words

Maryann Steadman ANTH 3125 2014, October 11th Reflection Paper One Genetics for Mongol Migration Mongolia is located in-between Russia and China, and is a neighbor to Kazakhstan. The people that live there are called Mongols. Mongolia, which is part of Asia, is part of what composes Eurasia. When it comes to DNA and chromosomal lineage, there are many factors that lead to how a person will look, who they will mate with, and what decisions they make in that process. These categories all run under the term genetics. The second week’s lecture said that there are â€Å"three major types of genetic data.† There is autosomal, Y chromosome, and mitochondrial DNA. Autosomal is a combination of your mother and father’s DNA that makes you. Y chromosomes come from your father and are given to a son, and mitochondrial DNA comes from your mother. Everyone has the autosomal and mitochondrial aspects of genetics. The mitochondrial makeup is just what genes you got from your mother. However, only males have the Y chromosome aspect of genetics since males sex genes are comprised of XY while females are XX. Mongols (and their language of Mongolic) originally came from the Altai Mountains, which are near Mongolia (week lecture two). In the second week’s lecture it is also noted that Mongolia may have been the original location for starting Y chromosomal lineage. In Zerial’s article, â€Å"The Genetic Legacy of the Mongols,† it talks about Mongols being a star cluster for other people.Show MoreRelatedGrowth of Human Population and Its Effect on the Environment1382 Words   |  6 Pagesthe end of the 14th century. Another limiting factor would be bubonic plague it happened in the 14th century, and one fourth of the population was killed. Other factors are war, disease, starvation that would keep the population down. During the Mongol occupation China endured vast decline in their population including plagues. Europeans colonized into other areas of the world bring with them diseases that w ould decrease the inhabitance of those regions. Life Expectancy With the improvement inRead MoreA History of Polio in Children2085 Words   |  8 Pagessmallpox and anthrax in order to protect their first responders. A type of biological terrorism did occur in world history. A deadly disease called the Bubonic Plague vastly spread across Eurasia. The Mongols took dead infected bodies and catapulted the bodies into their enemies’ territories. The Mongols wanted to infect their opponents so it would be easier to conquer their land. This was a form of bioterrorism. ProQuest Staff. At Issue: Biomedical Technology. ProQuest LLC. 2014: n.pag. SIRS IssuesRead MoreMr Abdul Moeed5308 Words   |  22 Pageslargest groups were the Proto-Indo-Aryans, of which Sindhis and Punjabis descend from and later Iranic peoples which the Baloch and Pashtuns descend from. Other less significant ones include the Greeks, Scythians, Persians, White Huns, Arabs, Turks, Mongols, Buddhists, and other Eurasian groups, up to and including the British, who left in the late 1940s. The region has formed a distinct cultural unit within the main cultural complex of South Asia, the Middle East and Central Asia from the earliest

The Death Penalty Right or Wrong Free Essays

string(33) " of a bunch of innocent victims\." The Death Penalty: Right or Wrong? The death penalty is one of the main solutions to prevent crime rates in different states. It should be legalized in all fifty states, to avert from crime, keep repeat offenders off of the streets, and to reduce taxpayers the cost of keeping those found guilty of immoral crimes in prison low. The death penalty can, in fact, prevent outrageous crimes from being committed when it is lawful in a state. We will write a custom essay sample on The Death Penalty: Right or Wrong? or any similar topic only for you Order Now Social scientists have stated, â€Å"The act of general deterrence, which is when the punishment dissuaded potential criminals from committing crimes, keeps criminals from going through with crimes† (Baird and Rosenbaum). Heinous crimes have been reduced highly in the states that have a capital punishment law such as Texas. Not only does it keep criminals from going through with the crimes, it causes the offenders to suffer for their wrong actions. Many states have passed the law of the death penalty, while other states, such as New York, claim that it is morally wrong and does not solve the problem. Though I can concur with the states that have not passed the law, by putting these deviant people to death, it will cause safer environments for the innocent. For a particular state such as Texas to be able to say they have less crime due to a solution is impressive; every state should want to have the ability to say the same. In Austin, Texas, the population is 768,970, the violence crime is 5. 23, and the murder and nonnegligent manslaughter is 0. 03 (Miller). Though the population is less in Buffalo, New York, with a population of 268,655, there is more crime here. The violence crime is 14. 59 while the murder and nonnegligent manslaughter is 0. 22 (Miller). There has to be a reason why crime is so high in New York and not as high in Texas; the answer is most likely the death penalty. Though it is a very dirty job to execute these criminals, it is ultimately more helpful then harmful. Part of what the death penalty is doing is setting an example for those people who are also doing crime to consider their actions first. Evidence for capital punishment’s general deterrent effect comes from three sources: logic, firsthand reporters, and social science research† (Cassell and Bedau 189). Logic supports the conclusion that the death penalty is the most effective deterrent for some kinds of murders, those that require reflection and forethought by persons of reasonable intelligence and unimpaired mental faculties. Firsthand reports from criminals and victims confirm our logical intuition that the death penalty deters (Cassell and Bedau 190). Senator Dianne Feinstein recounted her experience in the 1960s sentencing of a women convicted of robbery in the first degree. She asked the women why was the gun that she brought unloaded, the women replayed, â€Å"So I would not panic, kill somebody, and get the death penalty† (Cassell and Bedau 190). This is a great example of how the death penalty does cause people to question their actions before they go through with them. Even if this was the only case where a life was saved, one innocent life is worth putting to death a psycho killer. Texas is one of many states showing the greatest relative improvements overtime due to the death penalty. Not only does the death penalty deter crimes but it also saves innocent lives. Individuals against the death penalty argue that it is not the cause of less crime, all the death penalty is, is murder. In reality, it has been proven otherwise that it does, in fact, save innocent lives. By keeping the criminals in prisons their whole lives, we are faced with other possible problems such as: breaking out of jail, killing of prison guards or other inmates. Statistical studies and common sense aside, it’s undeniable that the death penalty saves some lives: those of the prison guards and other inmates who would otherwise be killed by murderers serving life sentences without parole, and of people who might otherwise encounter murderous escapees† (Stuart). States such as New York believe it is immorally wrong to execute criminals and they are better off â€Å"rotting† in prison. Yes, in certain cases, they deserve life in prison with no parole over the death penalty, but they are those other cases that deserve more harsh punishment. While capital punishment is a good thing to have, it is also not something we can mess up to wrongly accuse someone. In the movie Green Mile, crazy Bill deserved to die. He was evil and always trying to plot a way to break out or attack one of the guards. If he was successful in doing so, one of them could have been killed, or he would have been free to hurt and kill many other people. The way he raped and killed those girls was disgusting and he should never be able to affect any others. John, on the other hand, did not deserve to die. His whole case was a misunderstanding; he was caught trying to save the young girls while everyone thought he was the murderer. John’s case is exactly why the government needs to look deep into every situation before putting them on death row. Being put on death row is a long and dreadful process. In spite of this, â€Å"Public polls regularly reveal that at least fifty percent of the American people are in favor of the death penalty for crimes of murder† (Cassell and Bedau 20). The other fifty percent needs to look past the killing of one deviant person and look at all the lives that are being saved. John McAdams said it perfectly, â€Å"If we execute murderers and there is in fact no deterrent effect, we have killed a bunch of murderers. If we fail to execute murderers, and doing so would in fact have deterred other murders, we have allowed the killing of a bunch of innocent victims. You read "The Death Penalty: Right or Wrong?" in category "Papers" I would much rather risk the former. This, to me, is not a tough call. † He is basically saying that by executing murderers to deter crime, it is better to kill them with no affects then not kill them and allow criminals to go through with their crime. Many Americans argue not only about the death penalty not deterring but also the expense of it. A 1991 study of the Texas criminal justice system estimated the cost of appealing capital murder at $2,316,655 (Baird and Rosenbaum 109). Some expenses include money for the trial, state appeals, federal appeals and death row housing. In contrast, the cost of housing a prisoner in a Texas maximum security prison single cell for 40 years is estimated at 750,000 (Baird and Rosenbaum 109). Advocators that are against capital punishment argue that the death penalty is more expensive because of the appeals then life in prison without parole. Supporters of the death penalty, however, point out that, while they advocate proper review of the cases, both the lengthy time and the high expense result from innumerable appeals, many over â€Å"technicalities† which have little or nothing to do with the question of guilt or innocence, and do little more than jam up nations court system. If these â€Å"frivolous† appeals were eliminated, the procedure would neither take so long nor cost so much. After going over the math for the costs of both life with out parole and executions, there is still an issue with the space all of the inmates will be taking up. â€Å"The prison and jail population have risen to two million over the past decade† (Reynolds). By putting more and more people on life without parole is just causing there to be less room for people who did less of a harmful crime. What is the point of keeping them around when they are just going to die eventually anyway? If they did something really severe, then they deserve to die. They are waiting in rison for nothing, no hope to leave those prison walls. It might sound cruel to use that as a solution to the problem of an increasing amount of inmates in prison, but in defense, they are living for nothing. They wake up everyday with no goals, drive, or improvements that need to be made. They are not moving forward with their lives because they are only awaiting their deaths, while taking up space in the prisons th at could possibly be for people that will eventually be free. Americans also argue that mostly everyone on death row is minorities. As of December 2005, there were thirty-seven prisoners under a sentence of death in the federal system. Of these prisoners, 43. 2 percent were white, while 54. 1 percent were African-American (Muhlhausen). The fact that African Americans are a majority of federal prisoners on death row and a minority in the overall United States population may lead some to conclude that the federal system discriminates against African-Americans. However, there is little rigorous evidence that such disparities exist in the federal system. African Americans make up thirteen percent of the nations monthly drug users, they represent thirty-five percent of those arrested for drug possessions, fifty-three percent of those convicted of drug offenses, and seventy-five percent of those convicted of drug offenses category (Cassell and Bedau 95). In reality, the reason African Americans are normally the ones to be in trouble with the government is usually because of the areas the majority of them grew up in. Racial minorities in the United States are also disproportionately poor. Because they are poor, they are faced with trying to survive and they will do whatever means necessary, including murder. Looking back on history, all executions were being done in public. They were hanged in the middle of the town for everyone to witness the killing of these criminals. The reason the executions were being done in public was because it was centered around the issue of deterrence. It was to inhibit anyone contemplating the same deed as the condemned (Baird and Rosenbaum 110). The people only saw what the government was doing, and saw it as cruel and inhuman. Because they did not also witness what the criminal did they started to believe the government was wrong and it caused the government to look bad. â€Å"Granting his [Timothy McVeigh] request [for a public execution] allows the moral distinction between him and the rest of us to slip away. It makes it look as if we are all just as bloodthirsty as he† (ProCon). In other words, while this act is being done in the open, it makes the public believe that the government is just as much of a criminal as the one being executed. Now, we go about the death penalty in a different way. Today executions are done with a limited audience, the way it should be. Because the killer took a family’s loved one away, those family members should have the right to watch the criminal be persecuted. Opponents of Capital punishment are also wondering if state-sponsored killing is the best way for victims’ family members to cope with their tragedy. â€Å"Life without the possibility of parole is severe, swift and less costly than the death penalty and allows victims’ families to move on with their lives and healing† (â€Å"Death Penalty Cases†). Yes, it is a dreadful memory for the victim’s families to relive but it is worth the suffering for a little in order to make sure this criminal never has another opportunity to hurt another life. After the case is closed and the criminal is put to death the families of the victim will be able to have a sense of closure. Just like the sick man in Green Mile, Billy, raped and brutally killed two very young girls who did not deserve what he did to them. Although they killed the wrong man, John, the family of the two girls was there to witness it. While he was being put to death, the family was able to have a sense of relief that this man was not going to keep his life and get away with what he did. Though it does not bring the victim back, it is the next best solution and it will help the families sleep better at night knowing they got what they deserved, the right consequences for their actions. In every murder case, the victims never have a voice to fight for themselves and to make sure the murderer gets what he rightfully deserves. It is the family of the victims’ responsibility to be that voice that fights for the victim, because their voice was taken from them. For example, Kenneth Allen McDuss raped, tortured, and murdered at least nine women in Texas in the early 1990s, and probably many more (Cassell and Bedau 183). The facts of just one such killing will reveal the horror of his crimes. On December 29, 1991, in Austin, Texas, McDuss and his accomplice manhandled 28-year-old Colleen Reed into the back of a car driven by this accomplice. Reed screamed in terror for him to let her go but McDuss forced her in the car and tied her hands behind her back. While the accomplice drove to a secluded location, McDuss began to strike and rape the defenseless women in the back seat. After he was done with the violation, he decided to puff cigarettes into a cherry glow, and inserted them into her vagina. Finally, as Reed begged for her life, he killed her by crushing her neck. He later says, â€Å"Killing a woman is like killing a chicken†¦they both squawk† (Cassell and Bedau 184). For a man to say that is utterly disturbing and horrific. Any man who violates and kills a woman for whatever reason deserves to have his own life taken away. Because of her aggressive family who became her voice when she did not have one, he was executed in 1998 (Cassell and Bedau 184). What exactly are we defending by abolishing the death penalty? States such as New York are allowing these monsters to go on living and possibly have the chance to walk free again. Twenty years prior to the rape and murder of Colleen Reed, McDuss was sentenced to death but was able to escape his sentence. He was released in 1989 by Texas authorities who indirectly caused him to finish his killing spree (Cassell and Bedau 184). If he was executed to begin with, all of the women he murdered would have been able to die normal, peaceful deaths home with their family and loved ones. By allowing sick criminals the ability to keep living, we are killing many more innocent lives, possibly one of our siblings, parents’ cousins or best friends. Bringing ourselves to agree to murder someone may seem unfair or morally wrong, but it needs to be our job to put the safety of our environment before our personal feelings. Some Americans view capital punishment as morally and ethically wrong; they equate the death penalty with legalized murder, and asks: â€Å"If the premeditated killing of another human being is wrong, how does the premeditated killing of the murderer make it right? Should not society repudiate the death penalty and emphasize mercy rather than revenge? † (Sarat 160). These questions asked by death penalty opponents are legitimate questions for society to consider. The debate surrounding the death penalty includes discussion of the sanctity of human life, personal responsibility, and the role of the state in administering justice. Yet, for all this complexity, the death penalty remains primarily a form of punishment. It assumes that human life is sacred, and that the killers who take the lives of their victims forfeit the rights to their own. Capital punishment is viewed differently in every state in America. While states such as Texas are advocates of the death penalty, other states such as New York refuse to pass the law that allows the government to kill. Opponents of the death penalty argue about the affect it has on the victims’ families, the cost, deterrence, those wrongfully convicted and race discrimination. Though some of these are valid points, after doing research it is very fair and in all of these cases, they did not give the victim a choice so therefore we should not give them one. How to cite The Death Penalty: Right or Wrong?, Papers

Health Assessment and Complex Care- MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theHealth Assessment and Complex Care for Hypertension. Answer: Introduction: In co-morbid condition, there is occurrence of more than one disease in the same patient. These diseases may be physical, physiological and psychological. These diseases can affect multiple organ systems in the body, however, these diseases may have common or different mechanisms. Obesity hypoventilation syndrome is associated with multiple other conditions like obesity, diabetes, hypertension and psychological disease like depression. Mr. X is also associated with all these conditions. Symptoms of such patients include sleep apnea, increased blood pressure, snoring, excessive daytime sleepiness, drowsiness due to increased CO2 level, headache, chest pain and depression. These should be incorporation of multiple diagnostic tests in such patients which include BMI, estimation of CO2 level, assessment of pain, blood glucose estimation and blood pressure measurement (Chau et al., 2012). In this essay, a case study of Mr.X is discussed, who is associated with the multiple co-morbidities. Description of the Patient: Mr. X is a 59-year old man and living with his wife and two sons. He is admitted to the hospital due to sleep apnea, which is mainly associated breathing problem during the sleep. He is also co-morbid with other conditions like obesity, ventilation syndrome, depression and type 2 diabetes. Due to his health conditions he lost his job and as result he developed depression. He is also keeping himself socially isolated because he is ashamed of his weight. In the health assessment, his vital parameters were assessed and it is evident that these parameters were abnormal. His BMI and body weight are 58 m2 and 165 kg respectively. Normal BMI in an adult person should be between 18.5 to 24.9 m2. Normal respiratory rate should be between 12 20 bpm in adults, however it is 28 bpm in Mr. X. This condition is called as tachypnea. Normal pulse rate should be between 60 100 bpm, however it is 132 bpm in Mr. X. This condition is called as tachycardia. Normal body temperature range should be betwe en 36.1C to 37.2C. However, his body temperature is 38.9C. His systolic blood pressure is 180 and diastolic blood pressure is 90. In this case, there is increase in the systolic blood pressure and normal diastolic blood pressure. Such type of condition is called as isolated blood pressure. In his assessment, it has been observed that his pain score is 7 in the scale of 10. This type of pain is severe pain and with this pain, it is difficult to perform activities of daily living (Timby et al., 2009). Pathophysiology: There are multiple pathological mechanisms involved in the obesity. There is mutation in the leptin gene and increase in the leptin expression, which is a satiety factor. Leptin and ghrelin are produced by the adipose tissues and act on the hypothalamus to control appetite. There is increased number and size of adipocytes in the obesity patients like Mr. X. Adipocytes produce various peptides and metabolites which are responsible for the increase in body weight. In type 2 diabetes, there is peripheral insulin resistance and insufficient insulin secretion by pancreatic beta cells. In obsess patients like Mr. X, there is occurrence of insulin resistance, however diabetes develops in patients in whom there is insufficient secretion of insulin to compensate for insulin resistance. In such obese patients, insulin level may be high; however it would be insufficient for the developed high glucose level (Hwang et al., 2012; Reisner, 2013.. Insulin resistance mainly occurs due to increased le vels of fatty acids. In case of Mr. X, there might be increased levels of fatty acids due to obesity. These free fatty acids along with proinflamamtory cytokines are responsible for the reduced glucose transport into the muscle cells and elevated levels of glucose production by liver. Hypertension mainly caused due to the dysregulation in the reninangiotensinaldosterone system. Renin is responsible for maintaining extracellular volume and arterial vasoconstriction. Renin plays important role in the cleaving angiotensinogen in angiotensin I under the influence of angiotensin converting enzyme. In this cleavage there is production of angiotensin II, which is responsible for the constriction of blood vessels, peripheral resistance and consequently increase in the blood pressure. In the research, it is evident that, obesity is a risk factor for hypertension because of activation of reninangiotensin in the adipose tissues (Hall et al., 2015; DeMarco et al., 2015). Depression mainly occurs due to the disturbance in the central nervous system neurotransmitters like serotonin (5-HT), norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA), glutamate, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). There is decreased metabolic activity in the neocortical structures and increased metabolic activity in limbic structures. It is evident from the studies that depression can lead to the hypertension in patient like Mr. X. In depressive and hypertensive patients like Mr. X, there is increased sympathetic tone and increased secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone and cortisol. In depressive patients there is lack of dopamine which may lead to the deficiency of dopamine at key sites in the brain which can leads to development of hypertension. On the other hand hypertension can also leads to depressive state in the individual. Hypertension leads to the cerebrovascular and ischemic changes which may results in the depressive state in the individuals (Rubio-Guerra et al., 2013). I n obesity hypoventilation syndrome, there is reduced sensitivity for the increased levels of PaCO2 and leptin resistance. Due to obese condition of the patient, there can be additional mechanical load on the respiratory system, which lead to the respiratory failure. Initially, hypoventilation occurs in daytime and in later stages it leads to the sleep apnea (Mokhlesi, 2010). In the studies, it is evident that there is elevated inflammatory mediators like interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha), interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-18 (IL-18), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and C-reactive protein (CRP). It is evident that there is direct correlation between BMI and raised plasma levels of IL-6 or TNF alpha. Due to increased inflammation in the peripheral tissues in obesity, there is occurrence of insulin resistance and hypofunctioning of hypothalamic C releasing hormone which lead to the development of sleep apnea (Dabal and BaHammam, 2009). Intervention: Most important intervention for Mr. X should be body weight reduction. It is evident that at least 10 kg reduction in the body weight can improve the functioning of the respiratory system. Mr. X is suffering through severe obesity and it is refractory to dietary and therapeutic intervention. In such cases bariatric surgery proved to be more useful. However, care should to be taken while referring Mr. X for bariatric surgery because he is associated with multiple co-morbidities and there may be risk during general anesthesia and post operative complications. There should be incorporation of few mini-invasive and invasive surgical approaches to achieve reduction in body weight. These approaches not only reduce body weight and improve respiratory function but also improve blood pressure and blood sugar levels. Positive airway pressure ventilation (PAP) would be useful in Mr. X because it gives relief from the obstructive component and modify chest wall and lung mechanics in severe obesi ty patients (Verbraecken and McNicholas, 2013). Oxygen supplementation would be helpful in Mr. X to reverse hypoxemia. However, it should be keep in mind that alone oxygen supplementation would not be helpful in improving sleep apnea in Mr. X. Obese hypoventilation syndrome is usually associated with the co-morbid conditions which mainly affects cardiovascular system, respiratory system and metabolic system. Hence, pharmacotherapy should be provided to Mr. for respective disease condition. Mr. X also should be advised to maintain proper and physical activity. It would be helpful in avoiding further exaggeration of conditions like obesity, hypertension and diabetes (BaHammam, 2015; Shetty and Parthasarathy, 2015). Discharge Planning: Individualized discharge planning should be implemented for Mr. X as he is associated with multiple co-morbidities. Discharge planning of Mr. X should comprise of home care, self management, provision of specialized nursing care, formation of groups with similar disease condition for exchange of information, incorporation of social worker for counseling, experts in the community based care, diet modifications, physical exercise, management of depression and anxiety. Accurate information about medications should be provided to the family physician because Mr. X needs to consume multiple medications. Inaccurate administration of single medication may lead to the drug interactions, adverse conditions and multiple complications. Discharge plan should include schedule for follow-up visits and post-discharge support (McMartin, 2013). Conclusion: Obesity and related co-morbidity like obesity hypoventilation syndrome is a major health condition. As this condition involves multiple disease and systems, there should be incorporation of the multidisciplinary approach for the management of this condition comprising of pharmacological and non-pharmacological management. In such patients, blood pressure, blood glucose and lipid values should be controlled. Management of these conditions would be helpful in avoiding further complications in the patient. Multiple mechanisms are involved in such co-morbid patients and there is requirement of multiple medications for treating each condition. Hence, medications should be administered with care so that these medications should not affect other medical conditions. Also, these medications should not interact with the other medications. This may result in the reducing efficacy of the medication or producing toxicity. In summary, such patients should be managed with incorporation of experts f rom respective fields and critically analyzing each aspect of the management. References: BaHammam, A. S. (2015). Prevalence, clinical characteristics, and predictors of obesity hypoventilation syndrome in a large sample of Saudi patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Saudi Medical Journal, 36(2), pp. 181189. Chau, E.H., Lam, D., Wong, J., Mokhlesi, B, and Chung, F. (2012). Obesity hypoventilation syndrome: a review of epidemiology, pathophysiology, and perioperative considerations. Anesthesiology, 117(1), pp. 188-205. Dabal, L. A., and BaHammam, A. S. (2009). Obesity hypoventilation syndrome. Annals of Thoracic Medicine, 4(2), pp. 4149. DeMarco, V. G., Aroor, A. R., and Sowers, J. R. (2014). The pathophysiology of hypertension in patients with obesity. Nature Reviews Endocrinology, 10(6), pp. 364376. Hall, J. E., do Carmo, J. M., da Silva, A. A., Wang, Z., and Hall, M. E. (2016). Obesity-Induced Hypertension: Interaction Of Neurohumoral And Renal Mechanisms. Circulation Research, 116(6), pp. 9911006. Hwang, L.C., Bai, C.H., Sun, C.A., and Chen, C.J. (2012). Prevalence of metabolically healthy obesity and its impacts on incidences of hypertension, diabetes and the metabolic syndrome in Taiwan. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 21(2), 227-33. McMartin, K. (2013). Discharge Planning in Chronic Conditions. An Evidence-Based Analysis. Ontario Health Technology Assessment Series, 13(4), pp. 172. Mokhlesi, B. (2010). Obesity hypoventilation syndrome: a state-of-the-art review. Respiratory Care, 55(10), pp. 1347-62. Reisner, H. (2013). Essentials of Rubin's Pathology. Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Rubio-Guerra, A. F., Rodriguez-Lopez, L., Vargas-Ayala, G., Huerta-Ramirez, S., Serna, D. C., and Lozano-Nuevo, J. J. (2013). Depression increases the risk for uncontrolled hypertension. Experimental Clinical Cardiology, 18(1), pp. 1012. Shetty, S., and Parthasarathy, S. (2015). Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome. Current Pulmonology Reports, 4(1), pp. 4255. Timby, B. K. (2009). Fundamental Nursing Skills and Concepts. Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Verbraecken, J., and McNicholas, W. T. (2013). Respiratory mechanics and ventilatory control in overlap syndrome and obesity hypoventilation. Respiratory Care, 14(1), doi: 10.1186/1465-9921-14-132.

Genetic Influences on Personality free essay sample

Genetic influences appear to contribute significantly to the differences between people in personality’. Discuss. The research carried out in the field of behavioural genetics has indicated, over the course of many studies, that genetic influence has a direct affect on individual differences in personality. We will write a custom essay sample on Genetic Influences on Personality or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Still, behavioural genetics has a lot to provide to the study of personality than inheritability predicts. This paper will discuss a few of the findings from research carried out on behavioural genetics in personality that go beyond the basic question; nature vs. nurture. The findings from the research include genetic continuity and environmental change during development, the impact of shared and non-shared environmental influences on personality and personality as a go-between of genetic influence on environmental measures. There are two general methods that have commonly been employed by behavioural geneticists investigating the genetic influence on personality: twin studies and adoption studies. Recently, there has been a surplus of behavioural genetic studies in the aetiology, particularly when discussing individual differences in personality. The results conclude that ‘Most personality traits show some genetic influence’; this has now become accepted within the study personality, (Plomin, DeFries, 1996). A very important discovery in genetic research on personality relates to the environment. It has been stated that genetic aspects are responsible for approximately 20 to 50% of the phenotypic variation in personality. The remaining variation is said to be the cause of environmental aspects. On the other hand, the study of twins and adoption find that shared family environments are accountable for only a small portion of variation in a majority of element of personality (Plomin, DeFries, 1996). It is important to note that there are a few aspects of this study that have grown to be quite complex. One of these aspects is the theory and research stating the differences between environmental influences on personality. First of all, a majority of researchers focus on comparing how shared and non-shared environmental aspects influence personality. Eysenck (1991) uggested that siblings or twins who shared environmental influences contribute only slightly to personality differences. Though an interesting point surfaced as a result of studies carried out by Plomin et al (1992); environmental aspects, unique (non-share) to family members, are influential over shared environmental aspects. Family personality is similar primarily due to the DNA which is shared with one another and not because of the shared family environments. This was established in a study of infants personality where a correlation was found for temperament to be about . 0 for genetically unrelated adoptive siblings—which provides a direct test of shared family environment—and . 20 for genetically related non-adoptive siblings (Braungart, Plomin, DeFries, Fulker, 1992). A question can be posed based on these results, if shared family environments do not shape personality, then what does? The answer lies within families and not between families. â€Å"The environmental influences that are important to personality are those aspects that are not shared by members of the same family—that is, environmental influences that are unique to family members† (Pedersen et al. 1992). These environmental influences (non-shared) make family members different from each another (Plomin Daniels, 1987). Non-shared environmental aspects could include differential parental treatment; differential extra familial relationships with friends, peers, and teachers; and non-systematic aspects such as accidents or illness (Plomin, Chipuer, Neiderhiser, 1994). The examination of environmental aspects that differ across families is not as beneficial to this study as the examination on environmental factors that differ within families. However, Reiss (1997) and Harris (1995), suggest that effects within-family pose problems when considering genetic heritability. The effects of children and parents can be under and over estimated; as a result it is vital to look into why each member of a family differ so much when it comes to personality. The solution will involve studying more than a single individual per family and discovering the association of experiential differences within a family with differences in personality. Harris (1995) has stated that non-shared aspects outside the family maybe more important in developing people’s personality. He explained the importance of non-shared environmental aspects by presenting the groups socialisation theory to determine personality. Social Learning Theory and Social Categorisation are the main elements of group socialisation. In social categorisation, similar individuals are placed into their in groups and individuals who are viewed as being different are placed within their out group. Harris utilised this concept to present how social groups can have an influence on people’s personality and how these non-shared environments that occur in children of the same family can have huge effects on personality. It has been possible to obtain encouraging results when associating non-shared environmental aspects to personality. For example, in the Sibling Inventory of Differential Experience (SIDE; Daniels Plomin, 1985), sibilings that had different experiences were linked with the personality differences in adolescence and adulthood (Baker Daniels, 1990; Daniels, 1986). However, it is not entirely correct to assume that shared family environments are unimportant to personality. For example, studies carried out on twins show considerable shared environmental influence for juvenile delinquency (Plomin, Thompson, 1995). Bouchard et al. (2003), in a study called the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart, discovered that even when identical twins were bought up separately there was strong evidence showing similarities in personality. Bouchard also discovered that fraternal twins who are raised up separately do not show signs of similarities to the same extent as separated identical twins. Similarly, Pederson et al. (1988) stated that of 99 separated identical twins and 200 fraternal twins, in contrast to same numbers of non-separated identical and fraternal twins, separated twins had more dissimilar personalities. These results confirmed that identical twins reared apart appear to have more similar personalities than fraternal twins reared apart. Similarly, observational measures of shyness, activity, and aggressiveness show some shared environmental variation, whereas parent ratings of the same behaviours do not, but this was only the case during early childhood (Plomin, DeFries, 1994). Stein et al. (2002) observed the heritability of negative evaluation fears by using a twin sample (437 twin pairs aged between 18 and 86 years). Genetic correlations between twin scores on submissiveness, anxiousness and ocial avoidance aspects of a personality test were high. A study by Borkenau et al. (2002), testing 525 identical twins and 268 fraternal twins, reported that identical twins were more alike in their personalities than fraternal twins that were reared apart. These findings suggest the need for more observational research to assess the possible role of shared environment in personality develop ment. The challenge to personality researchers is to discover what non-shared experiences are relevant to personality change. There are, however, a number of recognised weaknesses within the method with adoption and twin studies. For instance, it is assumed that the adoptive children, their adoptive parents and their circumstances are mirroring the general population and, as a result, this flaw in the method of sampling leads to a bias which may cause researchers to underestimate or over estimate the genetic heritability across the whole population. Also, how can we be sure that people who adopt children are similar to those people who do not seek to adopt? Another problem with this method is the placement of the children themselves into an adoptive environment. Children who are placed with adoptive parents that are matched closely to their biological parents (as often happens) confuse matters further. Are the children behaving as they do because of their genes, sharing similar genetic makeup with their biological parents or because of environmental influences, as their adoptive parents are so similar to their biological parents. It would become difficult to answer this question. The wide range of concepts and theories of personality do state there to be stability from age to age, even in infancy, a period known to be of rapid developmental, (Costa McCrae, 1994). Not a lot is known, however, about the aspects that change in personality development. It is often assumed that stability is caused by genetic aspects and that environmental aspects are responsible for change. It would be incorrect to assume that the stability of personality is entirely associated with genetic aspects. It would be fair to state that stability can also be influenced by environmental factors, e. g. Freudians believed childhood experiences have a long term impact on personality. Conversely, it would be incorrect to assume the change in personality is entirely associated with environmental aspects. Genetic inheritance does not imply that there would be stability in personality this is due to the genes being dynamic in nature; altering in the amount and quality of their effects on the human as it, (Plomin, 1986). In recent studies of personality, it has been found that personality development throughout infancy is effected by both genetic and environmental change. An example of this can be seen in the MacArthur Longitudinal Twin Study (MALTS). It showed the stability of personality in over 300 pairs of twins, across 14, 20, and 24 year old. The results indicated that at these ages genetic influence was a key factor in the development of personality, (Saudino et al. , 1996). Furthermore, researchers came to an agreement on genetic links across age, suggesting that there was a very little change from 14 to 24 months. During this stage there were huge changes in the non shared environmental influences. The results obtained doing such a study has consistent with longitudinal twin studies of adult personalities showing that non-shared environmental influences are highly linked with personality stability (Bacon,Lykken, 1993). The finding that personality change, is due to non-shared environmental influences is, perhaps, not surprising. Adoption studies see if identical twins who have been adopted by different families differ in their personalities. If the researchers found that, even though the identical twins are separate, their personalities are similar this would suggest a strong reason to believe that biology has a huge role to play as opposed to environment in personality. The opposite is also true, that if they do have different personalities it is due to the environment as opposed to it being genetically inherent. In recent studies of behavioural genetics came to an unusual conclusion stating that genetic aspects provide considerably to many widely used measures of environment (Plomin, 1994). When this is looked upon as a phenotype in genetic analyses, â€Å"environment issues†, such as life events and social support frequently show as much genetic influence as measures of personality (Plomin Bergeman, 1991). The finding indicate that even though the environment has no DNA is has a direct implication and has genetic effects. The answer to this problem is not as controversial or vague as it seems: Genetic influences on measures of the environment are the result of variation with genetically influenced characteristics of the individual. The next step, then, is to identify those genetically influenced characteristics that are responsible for genetic variance on environmental measures. Genetic study of environmental and personality measures propose that personality traits contribute to a portion of genetic effects on environmental measures during infancy and adulthood. An example of this can be seen in the Swedish Adoption/Twin Study of Aging (SATSA). The genetic effects on Neuroticism and Extraversion were reported to contribute largely to genetic effects on measures of the current family environment (Plomin Nesselroade, 1993). These ‘super factors’ show approximately 20% of the genetic variation on two Family Environment Scales of personality. Studies on personality and self reports of life events concluded that all genetic variation on life events that were controllable were widespread to personality (McClearn, Plomin, in press). Reporting’s on life events stated that there were no unique genetic variation on personality, indicating that for adults, genetic influences on life events are entirely affected by personality aspects. What are the mechanisms by which personality traits come to mediate genetic influence on environmental measures? The answer is dependent on the degree to which the environmental measure is accurate. Plomin, 1986). When the self-report method is used to measure environment, there is the possibility that the responses to the questionnaire are not true results based on experience; instead it reflects ones individuals view on the environment. These personal views are sorted through their genetically influenced personality which would cause genetic variation between personality and environmental measures. However, if the self-reports were accurate and the major genetic variation between personality and the environmental measure were found then this would imply genotype–environment link, i. . , individuals are exposed differently to environments as a function of their genetically influenced personality. Using objective measures of the environment genetic links between personality and environments are not just â€Å"in the eye of the beholder†. For instance, in the Colorado Adoption Project (CAP) genetic effects based on observation/interview measurements of two infants (aged 2) home environments were governed mainly by genetic effects on task orientation that were free of genetic effects shared with cognitive development (Saudino Plomin, in press). The results that followed showed that infants’ environments reflect parents’ responses to genetically influenced attentional type of the infants. This discovery is important, as results show that in some instances the environment reflects rather than affects characteristics of individuals, the assumption made by developmentalists has been the opposite; where links between environmental measures and developmental outcomes are caused environmentally, it can now be shown that this is not the case. Behavioural genetic research has contributed much more to the study of personality than heritability estimates. In the past decade researchers have begun to document the importance of environmental factors on personality traits, track the developmental course of genetic and environmental contributions to personality and evaluate the role that personality plays in the line between nature and nurture. Also the method in which one conducts the research must be altered to attain more tangible results, for example, in current research behavioural genetics has used the self-report personality questionnaire for adolescents and adults, and the use of parent reports for children.

easyjet essays

easyjet essays easyJet launched in 1995 as the UKs first no frills budget airline. Exploiting a 1987 European Commission rule change, allowing any airline with a valid Air Operators Certificate to operate on any route within the EU, Stelios Haji-Ioannou launched the airline with an initial 5million. He opened with a headline-grabbing fare of 29 from London Luton to Glasgow, basing easyJet on Southwest Airlines, a US company offering a no-frills, low-price service on short haul routes. easyJets mission statement concentrates on three main points which are carried through their business and marketing strategy: To provide our customers with safe, good value, point to point air services. To effect and to offer a consistent and reliable product and fares appealing to leisure and business markets on a range of European routes. To achieve this we will develop our people and establish lasting relationships with our suppliers. The importance of a good value service, a consistent and reliable service, and the establishment and maintenance of relationships are very important in the success story that is easyJet. By using an aggressive promotional strategy highlighting the quick, convenient service they provide, easyJet has increased passenger numbers, revenue and profits, year on year since their flotation on the stock market in 2000. Whilst gaining financial and market success, easyJet has also been successful in gaining plaudits from many recognised bodies; such as the Most significant impact on market sector, and the Most impressive brand developed in the last ten years awards at the Consumer Superbrands event. Brand stretching is often grouped with, or mistaken for, brand extension. Geoffrey Randall highlights the difference: Although the categories overlap, and the terms stretching and extension are often used interchangeably, we wi...

Solar Energy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Solar Energy - Research Paper Example This means that there is no limit to the amount of solar energy that can be captures since the energy itself is renewable. The maintenance costs of solar power are also quite low compared to other forms of energy (Thomas 11). It is also quite easy to install solar panels which are available at relatively low costs. Solar energy can also be used in any setting, be it at home or an industrial setting. Another main pro of solar energy is its reliability. This is an energy source that will never be affected by geographical, economic or political upheavals (13). One of the major disadvantages of solar power is the fact that it is only available in places which have lots of sunshine. People who come from countries that are usually cold throughout cannot get as much solar energy as they would need for their daily use. Another disadvantage of solar energy is that it can only be captured during the day when there is enough sunlight. This means that one needs to have other forms of energy storage devices with which to store solar energy that has been captured during the day (Benduhn 34 and Thomas 22). Today, solar power is being used for many different purposes. It is used for domestic purposes that include heating, cooking, lighting, communications, operating spacecraft many others. People are turning to solar power as an alternative source of energy for use both at home and in industries. Solar panels are the most commonly used solar energy capturing equipment. In many cases, solar energy is being used as a source of backup energy in case of power failure. Healthcare facilities are embracing the use of solar energy in emergency situations. Production industries are also slowly opening up to the idea of using solar power for their everyday operations. The future does look brilliant for solar energy. More and more people are becoming aware of the effects that fossil fuels have on the environment and they are turning to the safe